Future Energy eNews Integrity Research Institute April 15, 2002

A new official report summarizing ten years of government lab research, prepared by the U.S. Navy, is strongly supportive of cold fusion research:

TECHNICAL REPORT 1862, February 2002
Thermal and Nuclear Aspects of the Pd/D2O System
(In two volumes)

----------------------

"As I write this Foreword, California is experiencing rolling blackouts due
to power shortages. Conventional engineering, planned ahead, could have
prevented these blackouts, but it has been politically expedient to ignore
the inevitable. We do not know if Cold Fusion will be the answer to future
energy needs, but we do know the existence of Cold Fusion phenomenon
through repeated observations by scientists throughout the world. It is
time that this phenomenon be investigated so that we can reap whatever
benefits accrue from additional scientific understanding. It is time for
government funding organizations to invest in this research."

Dr. Frank E. Gordon
Head, Navigation and Applied Sciences Department
Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, San Diego"


***********

TECHNICAL REPORT 1862, February 2002

Thermal and Nuclear Aspects of the Pd/D2O System

Volume 1: A Decade of Research at Navy Laboratories

S. Szpak, P. A. Mosier-Boss, Editors

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited

SPAWAR Systems Center San Diego

SSC San Diego
San Diego, CA 92152-5001

SSC SAN DIEGO
San Diego, California 92152-5001

P. A. Miller, CAPT, USN Commanding Officer

R. C. Kolb, Executive Director


ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION

The work described in this report was performed for the Office of Naval
Research through the collaboration of Space and Naval Warfare Systems
Center, San Diego (SSC San Diego); the Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons
Division, China Lake; and the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL).

Released by
G. W. Anderson, Head
Applied Research & Technology Branch

Under authority of R. H. Moore, Head, Environmental Sciences Division


Contributing authors (in alphabetical order)

Dr. Pamela A. Mosier-Boss
Code D363
Spawar Systems Center San Diego
San Diego, CA 92152-5000
(619) 553-1603; FAX (619) 553-1269; e-mail bossp@spawar.navy.mil

Dr. Scott R. Chubb
Code 7252
Naval Research Laboratory
Washington, DC 20375-5343
(202) 767-5270; FAX (202) 767-3303; e-mail scott.chubb@nrl.navy.mil

Professor Martin Fleischmann, F.R.S.
Bury Lodge, Duck Street
Tisbury, Salisbury, Wilts SP3 6LJ
United Kingdom
FAX (+44) 1747 870845

Dr. M. Ashraf Imam
Code 6320
Naval Research Laboratory
Washington, DC 20375-5343
(202) 767-2185; FAX (202) 767-2623 e-mail imam@angil.nrl.navy,mil

Dr. Melvin H. Miles
Department of Chemistry
Middle Tennessee State University
Murfreeboro, TN 37132
(615) 904-8558; e-mail mmiles@mtsu.edu

Dr. Stanislaw Szpak
3498 Conrad Ave
San Diego, CA 92117
(858) 272-9401


FOREWORD

Twelve years have passed since the announcement on 23 March 1989 by
Professors Fleischmann and Pons that the generation of excess enthalpy
occurs in electrochemical cells when palladium electrodes, immersed in D2O
+ LiOH electrolyte, are negatively polarized. The announcement, which came
to be known as "Cold Fusion," caused frenzied excitement. In both the
scientific and news communities, fax machines were used to pass along
fragments of rumor and "facts." (Yes, this was before wide spread use of
the internet. One can only imagine what would happen now.) Companies and
individuals rushed to file patents on yet to be proven ideas in hopes of
winning the grand prize. Unfortunately, the phenomenon described by
Fleischmann and Pons was far from being understood and even factors
necessary for repeatability of the experiments were unknown. Over the next
few months, the scientific community became divided into the "believers"
and the "skeptics." The "believers" reported the results of their work with
enthusiasm that at times overstated the significance of their results. On
the other hand, many "skeptics" rejected the anomalous behavior of the
polarized Pd/D system as a matter of conviction, i.e., without analyzing
the presented material and always asking "where are the neutrons?" Funding
for research quickly dried up as anything related to "Cold Fusion" was
portrayed as a hoax and not worthy of funding. The term "Cold Fusion" took
on a new definition much as the Ford Edsel had done years earlier.

By the Second International Conference on Cold Fusion, held at Villa Olmo,
Como, Italy, in June/July 1991, the altitude toward Cold Fusion was
beginning to take on a more scientific basis. The number of
flash-in-the-pan "believers" had diminished, and the "skeptics" were
beginning to be faced with having to explain the anomalous phenomenon,
which by this time had been observed by many credible scientists throughout
the world. Shortly after this conference, the Office of Naval Research
(ONR) proposed a collaborative effort involving the Naval Command, Control
and Ocean Surveillance Center, RDT&E Division, which subsequently has
become the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, San Diego (SSC San
Diego); the Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division, China Lake; and the
Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). The effort's basic premise was to
investigate the anomalous effects associated with the prolonged charging of
the Pd/D system and "to contribute in collegial fashion to a coordinated
trilaboratory experiment."

Each laboratory took a different area of research. At San Diego, our goal
was to understand the conditions that initiate the excess heat generation
(the Fleischmann-Pons effect) and the search for evidence that indicates
their nuclear origin. To eliminate the long incubation times (often weeks),
Drs. Stan Szpak and Pam Boss decided to prepare the palladium electrodes by
the co-deposition technique. Initially, they concentrated on tritium
production and the monitoring of emanating radiation. More recently, they
extended their effort to monitoring surface temperature via IR imaging
technique and showed the existence of discrete heat sources randomly
distributed in time and space. This discovery may prove to be a significant
contribution to the understanding of the phenomenon.

At China Lake, Dr. Miles and his collaborators showed that a correlation
exists between the rate of the excess enthalpy generation and the quantity
of helium in the gas stream. Such a correlation is the direct evidence of
the nuclear origin of the Fleischmann-Pons effect.

The research at NRL was directed toward the metallurgy of palladium and its
alloys and the theoretical aspects of the Fleischmann-Pons effect. In
particular, Dr. Imam prepared Pd/B alloys that Dr. Miles used in
calorimetric experiments. It was shown that these alloys yielded
reproducible excess enthalpy generation with minimal incubation times
(approximately 1 day). The theoretical work of Dr. Chubb contributed much
to our understanding of the Fleischmann-Pons effect.

Although funding for Cold Fusion ended several years ago, progress in
understanding the phenomenon continues at a much slower pace, mostly
through the unpaid efforts of dedicated inquisitive scientists. In
preparation of this report the authors spent countless hours outside of
their normal duties to jointly review their past and current contributions,
including the "hidden" agenda that Professor Fleischmann pursued for
several years in the 1980s when he was partially funded by ONR. Special
thanks are extended to all scientists who have worked under these
conditions, including those who contributed to this report and especially
to Professor Fleischmann.

As I write this Foreword, California is experiencing rolling blackouts due
to power shortages. Conventional engineering, planned ahead, could have
prevented these blackouts, but it has been politically expedient to ignore
the inevitable. We do not know if Cold Fusion will be the answer to future
energy needs, but we do know the existence of Cold Fusion phenomenon
through repeated observations by scientists throughout the world. It is
time that this phenomenon be investigated so that we can reap whatever
benefits accrue from additional scientific understanding. It is time for
government funding organizations to invest in this research.

Dr. Frank E. Gordon
Head, Navigation and Applied Sciences Department
Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, San Diego


TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. THE EMERGENCE OF COLD FUSION
S. Szpak and P. A. Mosier-Boss

2. EVENTS IN A POLARIZED Pd+D ELECTRODES PREPARED BY CO-DEPOSITION TECHNIQUE
S. Szpak and P. A. Mosier-Boss

3. EXCESS HEAT AND HELIUM PRODUCTION IN PALLADIUM AND PALLADIUM ALLOYS
Melvin H. Miles

4. ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENT MC-21: A CASE STUDY
Part I: Development of Diagnostic Criteria
Part II: Application of Diagnostic Criteria
S. Szpak, P. A. Mosier-Boss, M. H. Miles, M. A. Imam and M. Fleischmann

5. AN OVERVIEW OF COLD FUSION THEORY
Scott Chubb

APPENDIX: LISTING OF PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS RELATED TO COLD FUSION BY
NAVY LABORATORIES

STAFF

************
VOLUME 2

TECHNICAL REPORT 1862
February 2002

Thermal and Nuclear Aspects of the Pd/D2O System
Volume 2: Simulation of the Electrochemical Cell (ICARUS) Calorimetry

S. Szpak
P. A. Mosier-Boss
Editors

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited

SPAWAR
Systems Center San Diego

SSC San Diego
San Diego, CA 92152-5001

FOREWORD

The calorimetry of any electrochemical cell involves two type of
activities: data collection and data evaluation. The required data are the
cell potential-time and cell temperature-time series. The evaluation is
based on conservation laws subject to constraints dictated by cell design
and the adapted experimental procedure.

Volume 2 of this report deals with the modeling and simulation of the
Dewar-type calorimeter. It was written by Professor Fleischmann to provide
an authoritative discussion of the calorimetry of electrochemical cells.
The emphasis is on the interpretation of data and the accuracy of the
determination of the excess enthalpy generation via the appropriate
selection of heat transfer coefficients. The discussion of the calorimetry
of the Dewar-type cells is presented in the form of technical report for a
number of reasons, among them: (I) its length would likely prohibit
publication in topical journals, (ii) to clarify misunderstandings
regarding the principles of calorimetry as applied to electrochemical cell
in general and to the cell employed by Fleischmann and his collaborators,
in particular.

S. Szpak and P.A. Mosier-Boss, eds.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
SYMBOLS USED

1. THE EVOLUTION OF THE ICARUS DATA EVALUATION STRATEGIES
2. DEFINITION OF THE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS
3. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS GOVERNING THE BEHAVIOR OF THE CALORIMETERS:
SIMULATIONS OF THE TEMPERATURE-TIME SERIES
4. SPECIFICATION OF THE ICARUS-1 EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOLS AND DATA EVALUATION
PROCEDURES
5. EVALUATION OF THE "RAW DATA" GENERATED USING THE SIMULATION DESCRIBED IN
SECTION 4
6. EVALUATION OF A MEASUREMENT CYCLE FOR A "BLANK EXPERIMENT" USING AN
ICARUS-2 SYSTEM
7. ASSESSMENT OF THE SPECIFICATION OF THE ICARUS-1 EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOLS
AND DATA

EVALUATION PROCEDURES

REFERENCES
FIGURES
TABLES

INTRODUCTION

Apart from some fragmentary investigations, primarily related to the study
of the self-discharge of batteries, there exists no well defined set of
studies in the field of the electrochemical calorimetry. We note that such
studies would allow the investigation of the thermal behavior of a wide
range of reactions, especially irreversible processes. Thus, the
establishment of an accurate model of an experiment is very important.
However, as this aspect is not generally understood, we felt it necessary
to produce this document.

In spite of its length, this volume only covers the analysis of a data set
generated by calculation and one measurement cycle for a "blank
experiment." We believe that it is very important to produce a detailed
analysis and account (as far as is possible at this stage) of the
methodology which we adopted. This is especially important in view of the
misleading comments which have been made about the calorimetry of the Pd/D
system. Taken at face value, one must believe that the workers concerned do
not understand the difference between differential and integral
coefficients, the disadvantages of differentiating "noisy" data as compared
to integrating such data, the differences between the precision and
accuracy of data evaluations, the recognition of "negative" and "positive
feedback," the analysis of cooling curves, etc. They do not understand
relaxation nor recognize the presence of strange attractors and the way in
which the effects of such complications can be circumvented. [1]

It is relevant here to reflect on the precision and accuracy of the
experiments. Of course, if the precision is high, then there will be no
difficulty in interpreting changes in the rates of excess enthalpy
generation as small as 1 mW at the 10-sigma level. [2]. Of course, the
question of the magnitude of the errors raises three further important
questions: (I) what error limits are required so as to be able to detect
excess enthalpy generation at an adequate level of statistical
significance? (ii) what is the difference (if any) between the experiments
carried out with ICARUS systems and ICARUS lookalikes and with other types
of calorimetry? (iii) how can one assess the error limits of a given piece
of instrumentation?

The answer is that one simply stops the development of the methodology when
one is able to make an adequate set of measurements. We note here that this
particular specification is itself dependent on the physical size of the
systems being investigated as well as the chosen operating conditions. In
our particular investigation the limit was certainly reached when the
errors had been reduced to the 0.01% level. Naturally, the first question
impacts on the second and we note that it is the use of less precise and
accurate calorimetric methods which has bedeviled so much of the research
in this field. The reason is that with the use of less precise/accurate
methods, it becomes impossible to monitor the build-up of excess enthalpy
generation. This then brings us to the third question and the answer to
this is exactly with the methods outlined in this document, at least as far
as isoperibolic calorimetry is concerned (although it is not very difficult
to specify improvements in those methods!). [3] It is relevant that
although errors had undoubtedly been made in setting up these experiments,
the detailed data analyses had also shown the way in which such errors
could be allowed for. [4]

To reiterate, we considered it necessary to produce this document for the
following reasons: Firstly, it is always essential to determine the
Instrument Function (or of a parameter or sets of parameters which define
the Instrument Function) and to validate the methods of data analysis. Such
validation is best done using simulated/calculated data. Secondly, one
needs to see the extent to which "blank" experiments conform to
expectations. Thirdly, one needs to investigate the ways in which methods
of data analysis may fail.

Footnotes:

(l.) Of course, it is possible that the researchers concerned do not
understand any of these matters, but what is so remarkable is that they
have failed to understand these topics even when they have been described
to them.

(2) However, the high precision of the instrumentation (relative errors
below 0.01%) has been converted into a 10% error by the group at NHE. It is
hard to see how anybody can make such an assertion while still keeping a
straight face. If the errors were as high as this, then it would be
impossible to say anything sensible about calorimetry - for that matter, it
would remove one of the main planks of scientific methodology

(3) The answer to this question brings us to very interesting further lines
of enquiry which can be summarized by the question: "why is it that NHE
have never made any sets of raw data for blank experiments available for
further analysis?" If one considers this question in a naive way, then one
would say that there can hardly be any reason for not releasing data sets
which do not show any generation of excess enthalpy!

(4) Instead of seeking to establish the correct way(s) of calibrating the
systems, the group at NHE used the procedure leading to (k^',0 R)362,
probably coupled to timing errors in the calibration pulse which they did
not allow for. Needless to say, this produced nonsensical results which
they used as a justification for substituting an invalid method of data
analysis. Moreover, this invalid method of data analysis was applied to
just two experiments, regarded as being typical, although the fact that
there were malfunctions in these experiments has also been pointed out.

Vol.I, 3.5 Meg ~121 pages
http://www.spawar.navy.mil/sti/publications/pubs/tr/1862/tr1862-vol1.pdf


Vol. II, 178 pgs, 43 Meg
http://www.spawar.navy.mil/sti/publications/pubs/tr/1862/tr1862-vol2.pdf

Forwarded as a courtesy from www.integrityresearchinstitute.org